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Literature: authors starting with G

68 studies, books and laws, each with its reference, a sentence on the content and the pages that cite it. All letters

Gabaix et al. (2003) · A theory of power-law distributions in financial market fluctuations

Gabaix, Xavier; Gopikrishnan, Parameswaran; Plerou, Vasiliki; Stanley, H. Eugene. Nature 423 (6937), pp. 267–270. doi:10.1038/nature01624

Power laws for price changes, volume and number of trades with similar exponents across markets and countries; explained by the optimal trading of large funds of very unequal size.

Cited in: Glossary: Cubic law

SPIVA U.S. (2026) · SPIVA U.S. Year-End 2025

Ganti, Anu R.; Di Gioia, Davide; Didio, Nick; Flaherty, Liam. S&P Dow Jones Indices, March 3, 2026; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

A comparison of active US funds with their benchmarks at year-end 2025, including bond funds by category.

Cited in: Active or passive in bonds and commodities: why the rules differ from equities

Gârleanu and Pedersen (2011) · Margin-based Asset Pricing and Deviations from the Law of One Price

Gârleanu, Nicolae; Pedersen, Lasse Heje. Review of Financial Studies 24 (6), pp. 1980–2022. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhr027

Margin requirements raise the required return; in funding crises, bases open up between securities with identical cash flows, tested on the CDS-bond basis.

Cited in: Basis trades: positive and negative basis in bonds, CDS and futures

Garman and Kohlhagen (1983) · Foreign currency option values

Garman, Mark B.; Kohlhagen, Steven W.. Journal of International Money and Finance 2 (3), pp. 231–237. doi:10.1016/S0261-5606(83)80001-1

Black-Scholes for currency options with domestic and foreign interest rates (the Garman-Kohlhagen model).

Cited in: Option pricing: where fair option prices come from · Option pricer: how Portfolio Lab values options · Glossary: Garman-Kohlhagen model

Gaspar et al. (2006) · Favoritism in Mutual Fund Families? Evidence on Strategic Cross-Fund Subsidization

Gaspar, José-Miguel; Massa, Massimo; Matos, Pedro. The Journal of Finance 61 (1), pp. 73–104. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00830.x

Fund families shift returns to funds with high fees or good past performance, among other ways through the allocation of new issues and opposite trades between the funds.

Cited in: Market making and bond trading: spread, inventory, axes, RFQ, cross trades and matrix pricing

Gastineau (2002) · Equity Index Funds Have Lost Their Way

Gastineau, Gary L.. The Journal of Portfolio Management 28 (2), pp. 55–64. doi:10.3905/jpm.2002.319832

Concentrated trading at index changes makes index funds tracking popular indices more expensive than they need to be.

Cited in: Smart indexing: added value for index funds around corporate actions and index changes

Gatev et al. (2006) · Pairs Trading: Performance of a Relative-Value Arbitrage Rule

Gatev, Evan; Goetzmann, William N.; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert. Review of Financial Studies 19 (3), pp. 797–827. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhj020

Tests pairs trading with the distance method on US stocks in 1962–2002: pairs with the smallest distance between normalized prices, with trades opened at a divergence of two standard deviations.

Cited in: Pairs trading and statistical arbitrage: idea, methods, research · Long/short and statistical arbitrage: methodology · Glossary: Pairs trading · Glossary: Distance method

Gatheral (2006) · The Volatility Surface: A Practitioner's Guide

Gatheral, Jim. Wiley.

A practitioner's book on the volatility surface: smile and skew, local and stochastic volatility, jumps.

Cited in: Option pricing: where fair option prices come from · Glossary: Volatility smile

Gatheral and Jacquier (2014) · Arbitrage-free SVI volatility surfaces

Gatheral, Jim; Jacquier, Antoine. Quantitative Finance 14 (1), pp. 59–71. doi:10.1080/14697688.2013.819986

An SVI parametrisation of the smile free of static arbitrage: conditions that rule out butterfly and calendar arbitrage, and a calibration method.

Cited in: Option pricing: where fair option prices come from · Option pricer: how Portfolio Lab values options · Glossary: SVI parameterization · Glossary: Butterfly arbitrage

Geanakoplos (2010) · The Leverage Cycle

Geanakoplos, John. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 24 (1), pp. 1–66. doi:10.1086/648285

Theory of the leverage cycle: in good times lenders demand little collateral and leverage rises; in a crisis margins rise and force sales.

Cited in: Leverage in a portfolio: return, risk, costs and margin calls · Glossary: Lending value · Glossary: Deleveraging

SEC, bitcoin ETPs (2024) · Statement on the Approval of Spot Bitcoin Exchange-Traded Products (January 10, 2024)

Gensler, Gary. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

The SEC approved the listing and trading of several spot bitcoin ETPs, limited to products that hold bitcoin, without endorsing bitcoin, which it called primarily a speculative, volatile asset.

Cited in: Crypto in institutional portfolios: access, custody, regulation and risk budget

Gerlach et al. (2019) · Dissection of Bitcoin's multiscale bubble history from January 2012 to February 2018

Gerlach, J. C.; Demos, Guilherme; Sornette, Didier. Royal Society Open Science 6 (7), pp. 180643. doi:10.1098/rsos.180643

Bitcoin bubbles from 2012 to 2018 measured with LPPLS confidence, defined as the share of qualified fits across many time windows.

Cited in: Speculative bubbles: what they are and how the LPPLS model detects them · Bubble indicator (LPPLS): methodology · Glossary: LPPLS confidence

UrhG (1965) · Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (Urheberrechtsgesetz, UrhG), § 44b Text und Data Mining [German Copyright Act (UrhG), Section 44b: text and data mining]

German Bundestag. Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.); text on gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Permits reproductions of lawfully accessible works for text and data mining unless the rightholder has reserved these rights online in machine-readable form; the copies must be deleted afterward.

Cited in: Alternative data: job ads, Reddit, X, satellites and card payments · Glossary: Web scraping

WpHG § 119 (1998) · Gesetz über den Wertpapierhandel (Wertpapierhandelsgesetz, WpHG), § 119 Strafvorschriften [German Securities Trading Act (WpHG), Section 119: criminal provisions]

German Bundestag. Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.); text on gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Criminal provisions: market manipulation that affects the exchange or market price (para. 1) and insider dealing, recommending it and unlawful disclosure (para. 3) are punishable by imprisonment of up to five years or a fine, and manipulation on a commercial basis or as part of a gang by one to ten years; attempts are punishable.

Cited in: Glossary: Market manipulation

REIT Act (2007) · Gesetz über deutsche Immobilien-Aktiengesellschaften mit börsennotierten Anteilen (REIT-Gesetz, REITG), §§ 1, 3, 13 und 16 [Act on German Real Estate Stock Corporations with Listed Shares (REIT Act, REITG), Sections 1, 3, 13, and 16]

German Bundestag. Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.); text on gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 25, 2026. Source

German REIT AG since 2007: no domestic residential rental properties built before 2007, distribution of at least 90% of annual net income, and exemption from corporate income tax and trade tax.

Cited in: Glossary: REIT

EStG § 23 (2009) · Einkommensteuergesetz (EStG), § 23 Private Veräußerungsgeschäfte [German Income Tax Act (EStG), Section 23: private sales transactions]

German Bundestag. Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.); text on gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Gains from selling land within ten years are taxable, except for owner-occupied property.

Cited in: Glossary: Owner-occupied home

EStG § 22 (2009) · Einkommensteuergesetz (EStG), § 22 Arten der sonstigen Einkünfte (Besteuerungsanteil, Ertragsanteil, Leistungen aus Altersvorsorgeverträgen und betrieblicher Altersversorgung) [German Income Tax Act (EStG), Section 22: types of other income (taxable portion, income portion, benefits from retirement savings contracts and occupational pension plans)]

German Bundestag. Text on gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 26, 2026. Source

Taxable portion of pensions from basic provision (Basisversorgung): 84% for pensions starting in 2026, 0.5 percentage points more for each later starting year, 100% from 2058; the income portion (Ertragsanteil) of private life annuities depends on age when payments begin (65: 18%, 67: 17%); benefits under No. 5 are fully taxable.

Cited in: Glossary: Deferred taxation

KAGB § 92 (2013) · Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch (KAGB), § 92 (Sondervermögen) und § 99 Abs. 3 (Sondervermögen nicht in der Insolvenzmasse) [German Capital Investment Code (KAGB), Section 92 (investment fund assets) and Section 99(3) (investment fund assets not part of the insolvency estate)]

German Bundestag. Text on gesetze-im-internet.de; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

A fund's assets (Sondervermögen) must be kept separate from the assets of the management company and do not form part of its insolvency estate.

Cited in: Counterparty and issuer risk: CVA, ETCs, certificates and swaps

KAGB (2013) · Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch (KAGB), §§ 251, 253, 255 und 257 (Bewertung, Liquidität, Rücknahme und Aussetzung bei Immobilien-Sondervermögen) [German Capital Investment Code (KAGB), Sections 251, 253, 255, and 257 (valuation, liquidity, redemption, and suspension for open-ended real estate funds)]

German Bundestag. Text on gesetze.legal as amended by the Fund Risk Limitation Act of April 9, 2026; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Open-ended real estate funds: valuation within three months, at least 5% of fund assets available for redemptions, redemption only after a minimum holding period of 24 months with a twelve-month notice period, and suspension for up to 36 months followed by liquidation.

Cited in: Glossary: Suspension of redemptions

EinSiG § 8 (2015) · Einlagensicherungsgesetz (EinSiG), § 8 (Höhe des Entschädigungsanspruchs) [German Deposit Guarantee Act (EinSiG), Section 8 (amount of the compensation claim)]

German Bundestag. Text on gesetze-im-internet.de; accessed October 26, 2026. Source

Statutory deposit protection up to €100,000 per depositor and bank; up to €500,000 for six months for certain credits such as the proceeds from selling an owner-occupied home.

Cited in: Glossary: High-yield savings account · Glossary: Deposit insurance

EinSiG (2015) · Einlagensicherungsgesetz (EinSiG), § 6 (Nicht entschädigungsfähige Einlagen) [German Deposit Guarantee Act (EinSiG), Section 6 (deposits not eligible for compensation)]

German Bundestag. Text on gesetze-im-internet.de; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Bonds issued by a credit institution are excluded from statutory deposit protection (except registered bonds that count as deposits).

Cited in: Counterparty and issuer risk: CVA, ETCs, certificates and swaps · Glossary: Issuer risk

InvStG (2016) · Investmentsteuergesetz (InvStG), §§ 16, 18, 19 und 20 (Investmenterträge, Vorabpauschale, Veräußerung, Teilfreistellung) [German Investment Tax Act (InvStG), Sections 16, 18, 19, and 20 (investment income, advance lump sum, disposal, partial exemption)]

German Bundestag. Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.); text on gesetze-im-internet.de. Source

Has governed the taxation of investment funds since 2018: Vorabpauschale (advance lump-sum taxation) at 70% of the base rate, partial exemption (Teilfreistellung) of 30% for equity funds and 15% for mixed funds.

Cited in: Glossary: Capital gain

StaRUG (2020) · Unternehmensstabilisierungs- und -restrukturierungsgesetz (StaRUG), §§ 25-29 [German Corporate Stabilization and Restructuring Act (StaRUG), Sections 25-29]

German Bundestag. BGBl. I p. 3256, in force since January 1, 2021; text on gesetze-im-internet.de and buzer.de, accessed October 25, 2026. Source

A restructuring framework for impending illiquidity: plan adoption with three quarters of the voting rights in each group, a cross-class cram-down, and the absolute priority rule with limited exceptions.

Cited in: Glossary: Absolute priority rule

KAGB (2026) · Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch (KAGB), § 30a Auswahl von Liquiditätsmanagementinstrumenten (eingefügt durch das Fondsrisikobegrenzungsgesetz vom 9.4.2026, BGBl. 2026 I Nr. 97) [German Capital Investment Code (KAGB), Section 30a: selection of liquidity management tools (inserted by the Fund Risk Limitation Act of April 9, 2026, BGBl. 2026 I No. 97)]

German Bundestag. In force since April 16, 2026; statutory text on dejure.org, accessed October 26, 2026. Source

Management companies must select at least two suitable liquidity management tools for each open-ended investment fund from the lists in the UCITS or AIFM Directive, and these may not be just swing pricing and dual pricing; for money market funds, one is enough.

Cited in: Liquidity risk: measuring market liquidity, liquidity premiums and the tools of open-ended funds · Glossary: Liquidity management tool

KAGB (2026) · Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch (KAGB), § 98 Ausgabe und Rückgabe von Anteilen; Liquiditätsmanagementinstrumente (Fassung nach dem Fondsrisikobegrenzungsgesetz vom 9.4.2026) [German Capital Investment Code (KAGB), Section 98: issue and redemption of units; liquidity management tools (as amended by the Fund Risk Limitation Act of April 9, 2026)]

German Bundestag. gesetze-im-internet.de, accessed October 26, 2026. Source

Redemption at least twice a month, notice periods under the fund rules, suspension in exceptional circumstances or on BaFin's order, redemption in kind for professional investors and the side-pocketing of illiquid assets.

Cited in: Glossary: Suspension of redemptions

Getmansky et al. (2004) · An econometric model of serial correlation and illiquidity in hedge fund returns

Getmansky, Mila; Lo, Andrew W.; Makarov, Igor. Journal of Financial Economics 74 (3), pp. 529–609. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.04.001

Smoothed returns of illiquid assets: a distributed lag model, an estimate of the degree of smoothing and an adjusted Sharpe ratio.

Cited in: Private credit and public credit compared: returns, risks and what the research shows · Short selling, hedge funds and hedging: types and how they work · Measuring private markets: J-curve, cash flows, smoothing and public proxies · Private markets methodology: analyzing funds, forecasting cash flows, planning commitments · Glossary: Return smoothing

GIC (2013) · GIC's New Investment Framework

GIC Private Limited. GIC, Singapore; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Since April 1, 2013, a reference portfolio of 65% global equities and 35% global bonds, beneath it a policy portfolio of six core asset classes and an active portfolio within risk limits.

Cited in: Strategic and tactical asset allocation and the total portfolio approach · Glossary: Policy portfolio

Gilson (1995) · Investing in Distressed Situations: A Market Survey

Gilson, Stuart C.. Financial Analysts Journal 51 (6), pp. 8–27. doi:10.2469/faj.v51.n6.1946

A survey of investing in distressed companies: the risks are highly firm-specific, and those who understand insolvency law and recognize or create value in a crisis earn the most.

Cited in: Distressed debt: strategies, bankruptcy law, recovery rates and returns when investing in crises

Glasserman et al. (2015) · Stress scenario selection by empirical likelihood

Glasserman, Paul; Kang, Chulmin; Kang, Wanmo. Quantitative Finance 15 (1), pp. 25–41. doi:10.1080/14697688.2014.926019

Method for reverse stress tests: it finds the most likely combinations of factor moves that lead to a loss above a threshold, using the conditional expectation of the factors given large losses.

Cited in: Scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis: stress testing equity, interest rate, credit and currency risk · Scenario methodology: how Portfolio Lab runs stress tests · Glossary: Reverse stress test

Glasserman and Lin (2023) · Assessing Look-Ahead Bias in Stock Return Predictions Generated By GPT Sentiment Analysis

Glasserman, Paul; Lin, Caden. arXiv 2309.17322. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2309.17322

Headlines without company names perform better within the language model's training period; prior knowledge of well-known companies distorts the reading, especially for large companies.

Cited in: Glossary: Language model

Gleiss Lutz (2026) · Änderungen der Marktmissbrauchsverordnung (MAR) durch den EU Listing Act: Inkrafttreten am 5. Juni 2026 [Amendments to the Market Abuse Regulation (MAR) by the EU Listing Act: entry into force on June 5, 2026]

Gleiss Lutz. Gleiss Lutz, Know-how; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Since June 5, 2026, issuers need only disclose the final event of a protracted process ad hoc; intermediate steps can still be inside information, and insider dealing prohibitions and insider lists continue to apply to them.

Cited in: Insider trading: what is prohibited, what is allowed and what insider purchases reveal · Glossary: Ad hoc disclosure

Glosten and Milgrom (1985) · Bid, ask and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders

Glosten, Lawrence R.; Milgrom, Paul R.. Journal of Financial Economics 14 (1), pp. 71–100. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3

A bid-ask spread arises simply because the market maker loses to better-informed traders (adverse selection), even without costs, risk aversion or profit.

Cited in: Market making and bond trading: spread, inventory, axes, RFQ, cross trades and matrix pricing · Order types and execution: from limit orders to MOC, VWAP, TAS and BTIC · Glossary: Adverse selection

Goetzmann (1993) · Accounting for Taste: Art and the Financial Markets over Three Centuries

Goetzmann, William N.. American Economic Review 83 (5), pp. 1370–1376. Source

Early long-term study comparing art prices with the financial markets over three centuries (details checked via RePEc, no abstract available).

Cited in: Collectibles as an investment: what art, wine, watches and classic cars really return

Goetzmann et al. (2011) · Art and Money

Goetzmann, William N.; Renneboog, Luc; Spaenjers, Christophe. American Economic Review 101 (3), pp. 222–226. doi:10.1257/aer.101.3.222

Over two centuries, stock returns had a marked influence on art prices; top incomes and art prices are linked in the long run.

Cited in: Collectibles as an investment: what art, wine, watches and classic cars really return

Goldman et al. (1979) · Path Dependent Options: “Buy at the Low, Sell at the High”

Goldman, M. Barry; Sosin, Howard B.; Gatto, Mary Ann. The Journal of Finance 34 (5), pp. 1111–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb00059.x

Closed-form valuation of lookback options with a floating strike.

Cited in: Option pricing: where fair option prices come from · Option pricer: how Portfolio Lab values options · Glossary: Lookback option

Gompers and Lerner (2001) · The Venture Capital Revolution

Gompers, Paul; Lerner, Josh. Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 (2), pp. 145–168. doi:10.1257/jep.15.2.145

A survey of venture capital research: mechanisms against information and incentive problems at each stage of financing, and the ways they go wrong.

Cited in: Venture capital: funding rounds, valuation, the power law and what research knows about returns

Gopikrishnan et al. (1998) · Inverse cubic law for the distribution of stock price variations

Gopikrishnan, Parameswaran; Meyer, Martin; Amaral, Luís A. Nunes; Stanley, H. Eugene. The European Physical Journal B 3 (2), pp. 139–140. doi:10.1007/s100510050292

All trades of the 1,000 largest US companies 1994 to 1995: the distribution of price changes follows a power law with α ≈ 3 from about 2 to 100 standard deviations, between 2.7 and 3.1 depending on method and tail.

Cited in: Glossary: Cubic law

Gordon (1959) · Dividends, Earnings, and Stock Prices

Gordon, Myron J.. The Review of Economics and Statistics 41 (2). doi:10.2307/1927792

Tests whether investors buying shares pay for dividends, earnings or both, and values shares as a stream of growing dividends; this is the basis of the Gordon growth model.

Cited in: Dividend strategies and dividend ETFs under scrutiny: irrelevance, factors, risks · Fundamental analysis: valuing a company like an investor · Glossary: Gordon growth model

Gornall and Strebulaev (2020) · Squaring venture capital valuations with reality

Gornall, Will; Strebulaev, Ilya A.. Journal of Financial Economics 135 (1), pp. 120–143. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.04.015

Revalues 135 US unicorns taking account of their preferred-share terms: reported post-money valuations are on average 48% above fair value, and common shares are overvalued by 56%.

Cited in: Venture capital: funding rounds, valuation, the power law and what research knows about returns · Glossary: Liquidation preference

Gorton and Rouwenhorst (2006) · Facts and Fantasies about Commodity Futures

Gorton, Gary; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert. Financial Analysts Journal 62 (2), pp. 47–68. doi:10.2469/faj.v62.n2.4083

An equally weighted index of fully collateralized commodity futures delivered a return and Sharpe ratio similar to US equities from 1959 to 2004, with negative correlation to equities and bonds.

Cited in: Active or passive in bonds and commodities: why the rules differ from equities · Liquid real assets: inflation protection with tradable real assets in a portfolio

Gorton and Zhang (2023) · Taming Wildcat Stablecoins

Gorton, Gary B.; Zhang, Jeffery Y.. University of Chicago Law Review 90 (3). Source

Stablecoins resemble the private banknotes of the 19th century: their issuers are unregulated banks vulnerable to runs; the options discussed are issuance by banks only, one-to-one backing with safe assets, and public digital money.

Cited in: Digital assets: tokenization, stablecoins, crypto securities and the digital euro · Glossary: Stablecoin

Goyal and Wahal (2008) · The Selection and Termination of Investment Management Firms by Plan Sponsors

Goyal, Amit; Wahal, Sunil. The Journal of Finance 63 (4), pp. 1805–1847. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01375.x

Across 3,400 pension plans from 1994 to 2003, managers are hired after high excess returns that do not continue afterward, and fired managers would have done as well as their successors.

Cited in: RFP and mandate awards: how institutional investors select asset managers

von Bothmer and Meister (2003) · Predicting critical crashes? A new restriction for the free variables

Graf von Bothmer, Hans-Christian; Meister, Christian. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 320, pp. 539–547. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01535-2

Additional constraint on the model's parameters so that the crash hazard rate cannot become negative (damping).

Cited in: Bubble indicator (LPPLS): methodology

Graham (2003) · The Intelligent Investor

Graham, Benjamin. HarperBusiness Essentials, revised edition with commentary by Jason Zweig (first published 1949).

Graham's guide for private investors: defensive and enterprising investing, Mr. Market and the margin of safety as the core of investing.

Cited in: Legendary investors: the investment styles of the most famous investors, from Graham to Simons · Fundamental analysis: valuing a company like an investor · Glossary: Margin of safety · Glossary: Value investing

Graham and Dodd (2008) · Security Analysis

Graham, Benjamin; Dodd, David L.. McGraw-Hill, 6th edition (first published 1934).

The foundational work of security analysis: the intrinsic value of a security can be estimated from assets, earning power and distributions, and the price can deviate from it for a long time.

Cited in: Legendary investors: the investment styles of the most famous investors, from Graham to Simons · Fundamental analysis: valuing a company like an investor · Glossary: Value investing

Gredil et al. (2023) · Benchmarking private equity: The direct alpha method

Gredil, Oleg R.; Griffiths, Barry; Stucke, Rüdiger. Journal of Corporate Finance 81, pp. 102360. doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2023.102360

Proposes direct alpha, a fund's annual excess return over an index calculated from cash flows compounded at the index return, and compares it with the common PME methods.

Cited in: Measuring private markets: J-curve, cash flows, smoothing and public proxies · Takahashi-Alexander model: forecasting the cash flows of private markets funds · Private markets methodology: analyzing funds, forecasting cash flows, planning commitments · Glossary: Public market equivalent

Greenblatt (2005) · The Little Book That Beats the Market

Greenblatt, Joel. Wiley.

The “Magic Formula”: rank stocks by high earnings yield and high return on capital and buy the best.

Cited in: Legendary investors: the investment styles of the most famous investors, from Graham to Simons · Glossary: Magic formula

Greenwood, Shleifer and You (2019) · Bubbles for Fama

Greenwood, Robin; Shleifer, Andrei; You, Yang. Journal of Financial Economics 131 (1), pp. 20–43. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.09.002

Sharp price run-ups in industries do not on average predict low subsequent returns, but they substantially raise the probability of a crash.

Cited in: MSCI World vs ACWI vs FTSE All-World: structure, concentration and combinations · Thematic ETFs and hype: what studies, costs and overlaps reveal · Speculative bubbles: what they are and how the LPPLS model detects them

Greenwood and Sammon (2022) · The Disappearing Index Effect

Greenwood, Robin; Sammon, Marco. NBER Working Paper 30748 (version later published in the Journal of Finance). doi:10.3386/w30748

The decline of the S&P 500 effect is explained mainly by promotions from the S&P MidCap 400 and the market's greater ability to meet demand on the effective date.

Cited in: The index effect: what happens to prices when stocks join or leave an index

Greenwood and Sammon (2025) · The Disappearing Index Effect

Greenwood, Robin; Sammon, Marco. The Journal of Finance 80 (2), pp. 657–698. doi:10.1111/jofi.13410

The abnormal return on S&P 500 additions has fallen from 7.4% in the 1990s to below 1% in the last decade, even though more and more money is tied to the index.

Cited in: Smart indexing: added value for index funds around corporate actions and index changes · The index effect: what happens to prices when stocks join or leave an index · Glossary: Index effect

Gregnanin et al. (2024) · Signature-based portfolio allocation: a network approach

Gregnanin, Marco; Zhang, Yanyi; De Smedt, Johannes; Gnecco, Giorgio; Parton, Maurizio. Applied Network Science 9, pp. Artikel 54. doi:10.1007/s41109-024-00651-1

Replaces the correlation matrix in portfolio optimization with a similarity matrix built from path signatures; on the S&P 500, this produced higher cumulative log returns and Sharpe ratios in the authors' tests than the network approach with Pearson correlations.

Cited in: Beyond Markowitz: estimation error, noise and true diversification · Glossary: Path signature

Gregory (2020) · The xVA Challenge: Counterparty Risk, Funding, Collateral, Capital and Initial Margin

Gregory, Jon. Wiley.

The standard work on counterparty risk, exposure, collateralization, central clearing and the valuation adjustments CVA, DVA, FVA, ColVA, KVA and MVA.

Cited in: Basket swaps, total return swaps or futures: building market exposure efficiently · Counterparty and issuer risk: CVA, ETCs, certificates and swaps · Glossary: Counterparty risk · Glossary: Expected exposure

Griffin and Shams (2020) · Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?

Griffin, John M.; Shams, Amin. The Journal of Finance 75 (4), pp. 1913–1964. doi:10.1111/jofi.12903

Purchases with the stablecoin Tether followed price declines during the 2017 boom, came from a single actor and pushed up the bitcoin price considerably, which points to unbacked digital money rather than investor demand.

Cited in: Crypto in institutional portfolios: access, custody, regulation and risk budget · Digital assets: tokenization, stablecoins, crypto securities and the digital euro

Grinold (1989) · The fundamental law of active management

Grinold, Richard C.. The Journal of Portfolio Management 15 (3), pp. 30–37. doi:10.3905/jpm.1989.409211

The fundamental law of active management: information ratio ≈ forecasting skill × the square root of the number of independent decisions.

Cited in: Sharpe ratio: return per unit of risk · Alternative data: job ads, Reddit, X, satellites and card payments · Stock picking: why individual stocks are so hard to get right · Strategic and tactical asset allocation and the total portfolio approach · Tracking error and information ratio: deviation from the index · Glossary: Fundamental law of active management

Gross (1998) · Bill Gross on Investing

Gross, William H.. Wiley.

The co-founder of PIMCO on active bond management with a focus on total return from interest and price gains.

Cited in: Legendary investors: the investment styles of the most famous investors, from Graham to Simons

Grossman LLP (2026) · Spring 2026 Auction Season: Examining Recent Changes in Buyer's Premiums

Grossman LLP. Grossman LLP (art law firm), May 14, 2026; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

Buyer's premiums at major international auction houses in spring 2026: 27 to 29% of the hammer price in the lowest price tier, 22% in the middle tier and 15% above $8 million.

Cited in: Collectibles as an investment: what art, wine, watches and classic cars really return · Glossary: Buyer's premium

Grossman and Zhou (1993) · Optimal Investment Strategies for Controlling Drawdowns

Grossman, Sanford J.; Zhou, Zhongquan. Mathematical Finance 3 (3), pp. 241–276. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9965.1993.tb00044.x

Optimal investment strategy when a drawdown must not exceed a fixed limit.

Cited in: Maximum drawdown: the largest loss from a peak

Grullon and Michaely (2002) · Dividends, Share Repurchases, and the Substitution Hypothesis

Grullon, Gustavo; Michaely, Roni. The Journal of Finance 57 (4), pp. 1649–1684. doi:10.1111/1540-6261.00474

US companies have gradually replaced dividends with share buybacks, which have become the preferred way to start paying out cash.

Cited in: Dividend strategies and dividend ETFs under scrutiny: irrelevance, factors, risks · Glossary: Share buyback

Grundy and Martin (2001) · Understanding the Nature of the Risks and the Source of the Rewards to Momentum Investing

Grundy, Bruce D.; Martin, J. Spencer. The Review of Financial Studies 14 (1), pp. 29–78. doi:10.1093/rfs/14.1.29

Buying winners and selling losers creates time-varying factor loadings, depending on how the factors performed in the ranking period; adjusted for these loadings, momentum profits have been remarkably stable since 1926.

Cited in: Momentum crashes: why momentum collapses rarely but violently, and what volatility scaling and crowding measures show

Gu et al. (2020) · Empirical Asset Pricing via Machine Learning

Gu, Shihao; Kelly, Bryan; Xiu, Dacheng. The Review of Financial Studies 33 (5), pp. 2223–2273. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhaa009

A comparison of machine learning methods for the risk premiums of individual stocks; trees and neural networks perform best, mainly because they capture nonlinear interactions.

Cited in: Return forecasting models: ARIMA, GARCH, LSTM and machine learning

NZ Super Fund (2023) · Reference Portfolio (website, allocation as of September 2023)

Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation. Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation; accessed October 25, 2026. Source

The New Zealand sovereign fund's notional, passive reference portfolio of 80% growth assets and 20% bonds, the yardstick for value added after all costs and the hurdle for active investments.

Cited in: Strategic and tactical asset allocation and the total portfolio approach · Glossary: Reference portfolio

Guidolin and Timmermann (2007) · Asset allocation under multivariate regime switching

Guidolin, Massimo; Timmermann, Allan. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31 (11), pp. 3503–3544. doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2006.12.004

Four regimes for stocks and bonds (crash, slow growth, bull, recovery); the optimal weights depend strongly on the state and on the investment horizon.

Cited in: Regime models: hidden Markov, Markov switching and more

Guo et al. (2011) · Do Buyouts (Still) Create Value?

Guo, Shourun; Hotchkiss, Edith S.; Song, Weihong. The Journal of Finance 66 (2), pp. 479–517. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01640.x

Public-to-private buyouts from 1990 to 2006: more conservatively priced and less levered than in the 1980s, with returns coming in similar measure from industry multiples, tax benefits of leverage and operating improvements.

Cited in: Buyout funds and management buyouts: how LBOs, MBOs and MBIs work

Gürkaynak et al. (2010) · The TIPS Yield Curve and Inflation Compensation

Gürkaynak, Refet S.; Sack, Brian; Wright, Jonathan H.. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2 (1), pp. 70–92. doi:10.1257/mac.2.1.70

Estimates a daily yield curve for US inflation-protected Treasuries and derives inflation compensation from it; this is not a pure measure of inflation expectations but is distorted by an inflation risk premium and a liquidity premium.

Cited in: Market expectations: what the yield curve, inflation-linked bonds and options reveal about the future · Macro dashboard and regime analysis: methodology · Glossary: TIPS

Gutiérrez et al. (2020) · Are Online Job Postings Informative to Investors?

Gutiérrez, Elizabeth; Lourie, Ben; Nekrasov, Alexander; Shevlin, Terry. Management Science 66 (7), pp. 3133–3141. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.3450

More online job postings are associated with better future business performance, especially for growth rather than replacement hiring; investors react positively to them.

Cited in: Alternative data: job ads, Reddit, X, satellites and card payments

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